Waterproofing reservoirs typically involves materials such as bitumen-based coatings, polyurethane membranes, concrete sealants, and geosynthetic liners. These materials are selected based on durability, environmental resistance, and cost-effectiveness.

The primary materials used for reservoir waterproofing include bitumen-based coatings, polyurethane membranes, concrete sealants, and geosynthetic liners. Bitumen, a viscous petroleum product, is widely applied due to its excellent adhesion, flexibility, and resistance to water and UV radiation. Polyurethane membranes, particularly liquid-applied systems, offer high tensile strength and can accommodate structural movements, making them ideal for repairing or lining reservoirs. Concrete sealants, such as epoxy or polyurethane-based compounds, are used to seal cracks and joints, preventing water infiltration. Geosynthetic liners, composed of synthetic polymers like polyethylene or polypropylene, serve as secondary barriers to block soil moisture and root penetration.

The choice of materials depends on factors like reservoir size,地质 conditions, and environmental regulations. Bitumen-based coatings, for instance, are cost-effective for large reservoirs but require proper application to avoid thermal degradation. Polyurethane membranes, while more expensive, provide long-term durability and are suitable for complex geometries. Data from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) indicates that polyurethane systems have a lifespan exceeding 30 years when applied correctly, compared to bitumen’s 15–20-year lifespan. Geosynthetic liners, supported by ASTM standards (D5108), are increasingly adopted for their lightweight and quick- installation advantages, reducing construction timelines by up to 40% in projects like the California Central Valley Project. Concrete sealants, as per ASTM C920, are critical for maintaining structural integrity in aging reservoirs, with successful implementations reducing leakage rates by 60–80% in case studies from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Environmental considerations also influence material selection; bitumen’s lower carbon footprint compared to some synthetic alternatives aligns with sustainability goals outlined in the EPA’s 2022 Water Resources Strategy. Overall, the combination of material properties, regulatory compliance, and lifecycle cost analysis ensures optimal waterproofing solutions for reservoirs.