Identifying ebony varieties involves examining specific wood characteristics. Ebony wood is known for its dense, heavy texture and deep black color. Key features to look for include a grain pattern that can vary from straight to interlocked, a high luster, and a hardness that ranks it among the hardest woods in the world. Ebony also has a distinct smell when freshly cut, which can help in its identification. The scientific name of the most common ebony species is Diospyros ebenum, but there are several other species with similar properties, such as Diospyros crassifolia and Diospyros dimidiata.

The reason for these characteristics lies in the wood's botanical composition. Ebony trees belong to the genus Diospyros, which is characterized by its heartwood being rich in tannins and oils, contributing to the wood's dark color and durability. The high density and hardness are due to the tight grain structure and the presence of silica, which makes ebony resistant to wear and tear. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ebony is one of the hardest woods, with a Janka hardness rating of around 3,620 pounds per square inch (psi), which is significantly higher than other woods like oak or maple.

The identification of ebony varieties is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it ensures that the wood is used appropriately, as some species of ebony are protected due to their rarity or conservation status. For instance, the African ebony (Diospyros crassifolia) is listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Secondly, knowing the specific variety of ebony can affect the wood's price and availability in the market. Lastly, accurate identification is essential for woodworkers and artisans who rely on the unique properties of ebony for their craft.