To clean a water heater of scale buildup, first shut off the power and gas supply. Connect a hose to the drain valve, open it, and let water drain completely. Next, mix a solution of white vinegar and water (1:1 ratio) in a bucket. Pour this mixture into the tank through the hose, let it sit for 1–2 hours, then flush again with clear water. Replace the anode rod if corroded.

Scale buildup, primarily calcium and magnesium deposits, reduces a water heater’s efficiency by up to 15%, according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Over time, sediment accumulation restricts heat transfer, increasing energy consumption and repair costs. A study by the DOE found that just 1 inch of scale can raise operating temperatures by 20°F, straining the heating element and shortening the unit’s lifespan. Regular cleaning can restore efficiency, potentially saving 10–20% on energy bills annually. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that 50% of water heater failures result from scale-related issues, emphasizing proactive maintenance. Flushing removes 95% of sediment, as verified by industry tests, while vinegar dissolves mineral deposits without damaging tank materials. Replacing the anode rod, which sacrificially corrodes to protect the tank, is critical, as its failure can lead to rapid internal corrosion. Neglecting these steps may result in costly replacements, with the average water heater costing $1,000–$2,000. Thus, a simple annual flush and anode check extend longevity and reduce environmental impact by lowering greenhouse gas emissions linked to inefficient operation.