Plastic bags are toxic due to their persistent environmental impact, chemical leaching, and contribution to microplastic pollution. They are primarily composed of non-biodegradable polymers like polyethylene, which do not break down naturally, leading to long-term accumulation in ecosystems. Over time, plastic bags fragment into microplastics, which infiltrate water systems, soil, and even human food chains. These microplastics can carry harmful additives such as phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), and dioxins, which disrupt endocrine systems and cause chronic health issues. Additionally, the production of plastic bags relies on fossil fuels, releasing greenhouse gases and toxic byproducts.

The toxicity of plastic bags stems from multiple pathways. First, their lack of biodegradability results in centuries-long environmental persistence. A 2020 study by Thavamani et al. found that microplastics from plastic bags accumulate in marine organisms, with 35% of sea turtles and 24% of sea birds ingesting plastic fragments. Second, chemical additives in plastic bags, such as phthalates, are known endocrine disruptors. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that phthalates can interfere with hormone signaling, increasing risks of reproductive disorders and cancer. Third, plastic bags contribute to climate change. The World Counts initiative estimates that 5 trillion single-use plastic bags are produced annually, accounting for 8% of global plastic waste, with production processes emitting 3.8% of global carbon dioxide emissions.

Further, microplastics from degraded plastic bags contaminate drinking water. A 2023 WHO study revealed that 83% of tap water samples in 10 countries contained microplastics, with particles as small as 0.1 micrometers capable of crossing intestinal barriers. The UNEP (2022) warned that by 2050, oceans could contain more plastic than fish by weight if current trends continue. Health risks include inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired organ function, as documented in a 2021 peer-reviewed review in Environmental Science & Technology. Regulatory gaps exacerbate the issue, with only 39% of U.S. states enacting strict plastic bag bans. Collectively, these factors underscore the urgent need for systemic changes in plastic production, consumption, and waste management to mitigate toxicity risks.