Playing the piano without looking at the keyboard primarily relies on muscle memory and visualization techniques. Muscle memory is the subconscious recall of movements and positions, which allows pianists to play without visual cues. Visualization involves mentally seeing the keys and their corresponding notes, enabling the pianist to navigate the instrument with precision. Studies have shown that through consistent practice, individuals can develop these skills, reducing the need for visual confirmation. For instance, a study by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) found that after 50 hours of practice, participants were able to play simple melodies without looking at the keyboard. This demonstrates the effectiveness of muscle memory and visualization in mastering the piano without visual cues.