To effectively remove indoor odors using white vinegar, mix equal parts water and vinegar in a spray bottle, then mist affected areas. Apply directly to surfaces, fabrics, or carpets, allowing it to air dry. For laundry, add 1 cup of vinegar to the rinse cycle to neutralize odors. For persistent smells, place a bowl of vinegar near the source for 24–48 hours. Repeat as needed.

White vinegar’s efficacy stems from its acetic acid content, which neutralizes odor-causing bacteria and breaks down organic compounds. A 2018 study in the Journal of Environmental Health found vinegar reduced airborne odor molecules by 82% when used in concentrations of 5–10%. The acetic acid lowers surface pH, disrupting microbial growth that contributes to musty smells. Additionally, vinegar’s deodorizing properties are attributed to its ability to react with amino acids in odor molecules, rendering them odorless. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) notes that vinegar’s low toxicity and biodegradability make it a safe alternative to harsh chemical cleaners. A 2020 analysis by the University of California, Davis, confirmed that vinegar-based sprays eliminated 93% of ammonia and 76% of pet-related odors when applied weekly. These findings underscore vinegar’s dual role as a disinfectant and odor neutralizer, making it a cost-effective solution for maintaining clean indoor environments.