To determine the orientation of a residential home, use a compass or digital tool to identify the primary direction the structure faces. Examine the placement of windows, doors, and roof slopes relative to cardinal directions (north, south, east, west). South-facing homes typically receive the most direct sunlight in the Northern Hemisphere, optimizing passive heating and natural light. Local topography and surrounding structures can also influence orientation by blocking or enhancing sunlight exposure.

The orientation of residential homes significantly impacts energy efficiency, comfort, and property value. South-facing homes in regions like the Northern United States and Canada can reduce heating costs by up to 30% due to increased winter sun exposure, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. Conversely, north-facing homes may rely more on artificial lighting and heating, increasing energy consumption. A 2018 study in Energy and Buildings found that south-facing windows in residential structures can lower cooling demands by 15–20% in hot climates. Additionally, orientation affects natural ventilation; homes with cross-ventilation from east-west exposure often experience better airflow, reducing reliance on mechanical systems. Local building codes and climate data further refine optimal orientations. For example, in arid regions like Arizona, west-facing homes may face intense afternoon heat, necessitating shading strategies. Data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) shows that properly oriented homes can achieve 10–25% lower utility bills annually. Thus, aligning a home’s orientation with geographic and climatic conditions enhances sustainability and cost savings.