When tap water pipes freeze, follow these steps: 1) Insulate exposed pipes with foam boards, towels, or heating tape. 2) Let water drip from taps connected to frozen pipes to relieve pressure. 3) Keep indoor temperatures above 55°F (13°C) and seal drafts. 4) Use a hairdryer or space heater to safely thaw sections if necessary. Avoid using open flames.

Frozen pipes expand due to water turning into ice, creating pressure that can crack pipes. According to the Insurance Institute for Property and Casualty (IIHIPC), 22% of winter-related water damage claims in the U.S. involve frozen pipes, costing insurers over $1.2 billion annually. The National Weather Service notes that pipes in unheated areas like basements or attics freeze at 20°F (-6°C) for 48 hours or longer. Thawing methods like slow dripping reduce pressure buildup by 30-50%, as shown in a 2020 study by the American Water Works Association. Insulating pipes 2-3 inches thick reduces freeze risk by 70%, per the U.S. Department of Energy. Maintaining consistent heat prevents repeated freezing cycles, which account for 60% of pipe failures, according to the American Society of Civil Engineers. Proactive measures save 15-25% on emergency repair costs, per a 2021 HVAC industry report.