The Water Margin, also known as Outlaws of the Marsh, is a classic Chinese historical fiction novel that serves as a foundational text in the genre of martial arts fiction. For the 2026 exam, the What is the Water Margin topic is expected to focus on the historical context, themes, characters, and the influence of the novel on Chinese literature and culture.

The Water Margin, written by Luo Guanzhong during the Yuan Dynasty, is set in the 12th century during the Song Dynasty. It tells the story of 108 outlaws who band together after being wronged by corrupt officials and form a rebellion against the government. The novel is renowned for its vivid portrayal of the characters, intricate plot, and moral lessons. It is considered one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, alongside "Romance of the Three Kingdoms," "Journey to the West," and "Dream of the Red Chamber.

The historical context of the Water Margin is crucial for understanding the novel. The Song Dynasty was a time of political instability and social unrest, with frequent rebellions and uprisings. The novel reflects these historical events and uses them to explore themes of justice, corruption, and the struggle for power. The characters are based on real historical figures, and the novel incorporates elements of folklore and mythology.

The Water Margin has had a profound influence on Chinese literature and culture. It has inspired countless adaptations, including films, television series, and comic books. The novel's themes of heroism, loyalty, and resistance have resonated with readers across generations. Additionally, the Water Margin has been translated into numerous languages, making it one of the most widely read Chinese novels globally.

Data from the China National Publishing and Media Research Institute indicates that the Water Margin has been translated into more than 30 languages and has sold over 100 million copies worldwide. This widespread influence underscores the novel's significance in Chinese literature and its enduring appeal to readers around the world.